J An Pawista
Faculty of Sports Science & Recreation, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia
Key words: kicking,
martial arts, performance analysis
ABSTRACT
Silat is a popular Asian martial art (Shapie, 2014). The aim of this
study is to compare the skills that have been selected between winner and
losers in Vietnam team of Silat Olaharaga. A publicly available video recording
of 4 videos Silat Olahraga matches from Sea Games 2015 in Singapore was chosen
for the analysis, which is Women’s Class C Final, Men’s Class A Final, Men’s
Class C Quarter Final and Men’s Class B Quarter Final. Motion categories Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14
different types of categories. For example, block, punch, kick, sweep, topple
and many more. The notational analysis was used to record all the selected
outcomes in this study such as hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent.
INTRODUCTION
Pencak Silat is a unique form of martial arts rooted in
Malay culture, which stretches across Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei
Darussalam, the Southern Philippines and Southern Thailand, and other places
where populations who converse in the Malay language and refer to a common
Malay ancestry found. The combination of the words Pencak and Silat into a
compound word was made for the first time when an organization of the unity of
Pencak schools and Silat schools in Indonesia was founded in Surakarta in 1948,
which called Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (The Indonesian Pencak Silat
Association), abbreviated as IPSI (Kartomi, 2011).
The uniqueness of Silat Olahraga is the rule. In the rule, there are
exist of basic commands, time for each match, target area to attack the
opponent, and the scoring point for each of the area that attacked. For the
basic commands, the ‘wasit’ which is referee will issue the command 'Sedia',
meaning 'ready'. Then, he will shout 'Mulai', meaning 'begin'. Immediately the
'gong' will be struck. When the wasit wants to stop the fight, he will shout
'Berhenti', meaning 'stop'. Every time the fighters step out of the ring, the
wasit will stop the fight and bring the fighters back to the center. If a
fighter repeatedly steps outside the ring, especially if stepping backwards,
the wasit may issue a penalty point. If pesilat continues to do that he may be
given 2 penalty points. If pesilat still continues to step out of the ring, the
wasit may even decide to end the fight and proclaim pesilat opponent the
winner. There are three rounds of fighting, 2 minutes for every round, with 1
minute rest between each round.
Silat can
strengthen self-awareness, self-discipline, integrity, responsibility, loyalty,
and cooperation among its practitioners (Latiff, 2012). Referring by
Wilson, (2009) Pencak Silat as ‘situated activities’ in their own right,
attempting to ‘analyze activity in situ’ and treat ‘relations among person,
activity, and situation, as they are given in a social practice, itself viewed
as a single, encompassing, theoretical entity’. Latiff, (2012) also stated that
Silat is no mere skill, but
focused instead on moulding individual human qualities. Traditionally, training
in Pencak Silat takes place through apprenticeship to a teacher, or guru, and
instruction in the art is often inalienable from the genealogical relationships
that link it to person and place (Wilson, 2009).
According by Shapie et al., (2009) silat
exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different types of categories, such as punch, kick, block, catch, topple, sweep, evade/dodge, self-release, block and punch, block and
kick, block and sweep, fake punch, fake kick and others. Nevertheless, in
this performance analysis, there will be have four major indicator including
punch, kick, topple and sweep. Usually, for the fighting or sparing, the
players will be categorized according to their weight.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The data has been based on the video match of
Vietnam team in 28th Sea Games Singapore 2015. The video was
collected by using the Youtube channel and the data was collected by using annotated
analysis style. The video of silat was play and pause in sequence in order to
collect data accurately. The video has been play by using NacSport Elite software.
The winning and losing participant will be classified and the
game-related statistics were collected. Data that been collected was exported to Microsoft
excel 2015 and later will been analyse by using SPSS20.
MOTION CATEGORIES
According
to Shapie,
Nizam, Oliver, O'donoghue, and Tong (2013) Silat exponent’s motions were coded
into 14 different types of categories and were defined as follows:
Punch:
The
punch ‘tumbuk’ is form of attacking
is done by a closed fist of the hand hitting toward the target. In Silat,
punching skills are actions that shoot the opponent either front punch or side
punch towards the opponent’s bodies to win spots in the fight.
Kick:
The
kicking skills are an attacking movement which is executed with one leg or two
legs at the same time. In Silat Tanding battle, a kick can be trained at any
mark of the opponent’s torso. It can be front kick, side flush, back kick or semi-circular
side.
Block:
Restricting
movement begins with posture position ‘sikap
pasang’: exponential standing straight with her hands whole body or close
to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’
can be done by using arms, elbows and leg with aim to prevent or withdraw at
any attack.
Catch:
The
catch ‘tangkapan’ carried by hand to
prevent opponent from carrying out attacks. Silat exponent can prevent itself
from attack he pointed to the attack have been arrested for the other
direction. Capture the disorder or drags the opponent is prohibited. A catch
that can solve part held such as leg and waist are prohibited. These rules
exist to protect the silat exponent.
Topple:
There
are ways to bring down an opponent down. For example, a silat exponent of ‘pesilat’ can be either push, push
opponents back away from the bag or from the side, push, punch, kick, strike or
punched to make your opponent off balance. Every fall is not valid as long as
silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or she is able to
defeat an opponent that he had been brought down.
Sweep:
Swiping
‘sapuan’ involves attacking the
opponent's feet on the ground to unstabilise him and brought down to the
ground. An exponent of silat can do this movement attacking either his right or
left leg. Thus, the front sweep ‘sapuan
depan’ done by swinging the leg forward to push opposite front leg, while a
swipe back ‘sapuan belakang’ carried
out by swinging the leg backwards to hit the back leg.
Evade/Dodge:
The
dodge ‘elakan’ silat techniques
carried out by the athlete when he tried to prevent the attack. This technique
does not require touching the silat exponents in fending off opponents off the
attack. They are many ways to carry out his defensive movements such as dodging
‘gelek’
retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to
the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’. Jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and others.
Self-Release:
Self-release
‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to open any clinching or arrests of
opponents.
Block and Punch:
Blocking techniques used to prevent any attack from the opponent's hands or leg and followed with a counter-attack by hand to punch the opponent.
Blocking techniques used to prevent any attack from the opponent's hands or leg and followed with a counter-attack by hand to punch the opponent.
Block
and Kick:
Blocking
techniques used to prevent any attack from the opponent's hands or leg and
followed with a counter-attack using the foot to kick the opponent.
Block and Sweep:
Blocking
techniques used to prevent any attack from the opponent's hands or leg,
followed by a sweeping counter-attack technique to the opponent.
Fake
Punch:
An
action that a silat exponent intends to confuse opponents using fake punch to
break his opponent's defense posture.
Fake
Kick:
An
action that a silat exponent intends to confuse opponents using fake kick to
break his opponent's defense posture.
Others:
Both
silat opponents are either standing posture ‘sikap pasang’ or come close to
each other using a pattern martial step ‘pola langkah’. All activities are
considered high intensity except others were at that time the both silat
opponents are in the low intensity periods.
RELIABILITY OF OBSERVATION
The author analysed all the activities and
simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single match. Each transition of the actions was
observed by the analyst. The observations of the match were done by one and
half hours. In order to examine the data from the game, an experienced silat
professional is needed because the game is quick and need to be more focus for
each accomplishment.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The observation generated data will be frequency counted. All the data
collected from each round of match. In this analysis, the Statistical Package
Social Science (SPSS) version 20 is being used.
A descriptive analysis which is mean and standard deviation are being
outputted to determine the difference performance between winner and loser in each
of silat matches. A chi square test of independence was used to determine if
there was a similar profile of actions performed by the red and blue contestant
in the match. An alpha level of (p<0.05) was taken to show statistical
significant.
RESULTS
The result has been showed in the table below which
is the four table for each match actions and continue with table of difference
between winning and losing in that match.
There have three outcomes based on the observation from the video
matches, which are hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent.
Table 1: Frequency of actions
and outcomes recorded by Women’s Class C 60kg Final
·
Vietnam (Win) and Indonesia (Lose)
Action
|
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Not
Available
|
Total
|
||||
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
||
Block
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
||||||
Block and Kick
|
|||||||||
Block and Punch
|
|||||||||
Block and Sweep
|
|||||||||
Kick
|
1
|
13
|
20
|
2
|
10
|
46
|
|||
Fake Kick
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
||||||
Punch
|
|||||||||
Fake Punch
|
|||||||||
Self-Release
|
2
|
2
|
|||||||
Topple
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
8
|
|||||
Sweep
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
8
|
|||
Catch
|
10
|
1
|
11
|
||||||
Evade/Dodge
|
8
|
3
|
9
|
3
|
23
|
||||
Others
|
22
|
22
|
44
|
||||||
Total
|
18
|
2
|
28
|
24
|
5
|
12
|
34
|
26
|
149
|
*Note:
Others – means low intensity activities.
Table 2: Frequency Profile of the
2 contestants
Exponent
|
Kick
|
Sweep
|
Other*
|
Total
|
Winner
|
16
|
5
|
64
|
85
|
Loser
|
30
|
3
|
31
|
64
|
Total
|
46
|
8
|
95
|
149
|
*Note: ‘Other’ here
refers to other activities than kick and sweep
Table 3: Statistic
Analysis for Match 1 (Women’s Class C 60kg Final) Vietnam vs Indonesia
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
(SD)
|
Inter
Class Correlation
|
Winner
|
4
|
23.00 (12.69)
|
0.919
|
Loser
|
4
|
18.00 (11.20)
|
0.919
|
Table 4: Frequency of actions
and outcomes recorded by Men’s Class A 50kg Final
·
Vietnam (Win) and Indonesia (Lose)
Action
|
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Not
Available
|
Total
|
||||
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
||
Block
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
||||||
Block and Kick
|
|||||||||
Block and Punch
|
|||||||||
Block and Sweep
|
|||||||||
Kick
|
1
|
10
|
8
|
2
|
4
|
25
|
|||
Fake Kick
|
|||||||||
Punch
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
||||||
Fake Punch
|
1
|
1
|
|||||||
Self-Release
|
1
|
1
|
|||||||
Topple
|
3
|
6
|
2
|
2
|
13
|
||||
Sweep
|
3
|
5
|
2
|
10
|
|||||
Catch
|
4
|
2
|
6
|
||||||
Evade/Dodge
|
2
|
2
|
|||||||
Others
|
29
|
29
|
58
|
||||||
Total
|
15
|
10
|
18
|
12
|
2
|
4
|
30
|
31
|
122
|
*Note:
Others – means low intensity activities.
Table 5: Frequency Profile of the
2 contestants
Exponent
|
Kick
|
Sweep
|
Other*
|
Total
|
Winner
|
13
|
8
|
44
|
65
|
Loser
|
12
|
2
|
43
|
57
|
Total
|
25
|
10
|
87
|
122
|
*Note: ‘Other’ here
refers to other activities than kick and sweep
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
(SD)
|
Inter
Class Correlation
|
Winner
|
4
|
16.50 (11.50)
|
0.939
|
Loser
|
4
|
11.00 (11.67)
|
0.939
|
Table 7: Frequency of actions
and outcomes recorded by Men’s Class C 60kg Semi Final
·
Vietnam (Win) and Laos (Lose)
Action
|
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Not
Available
|
Total
|
||||
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
||
Block
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
||||||
Block and Kick
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
|||||
Block and Punch
|
|||||||||
Block and Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
|||||||
Kick
|
8
|
7
|
4
|
8
|
27
|
||||
Fake Kick
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
||||||
Punch
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
||||||
Fake Punch
|
|||||||||
Self-Release
|
1
|
1
|
|||||||
Topple
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
9
|
||||
Sweep
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
||||
Catch
|
5
|
2
|
7
|
||||||
Evade/Dodge
|
4
|
3
|
7
|
||||||
Others
|
22
|
22
|
44
|
||||||
Total
|
17
|
6
|
13
|
15
|
5
|
8
|
28
|
28
|
120
|
*Note:
Others – means low intensity activities.
Table 8: Frequency Profile of the
2 contestants
Exponent
|
Kick
|
Sweep
|
Other*
|
Total
|
Winner
|
12
|
5
|
46
|
63
|
Loser
|
15
|
1
|
41
|
57
|
Total
|
27
|
6
|
87
|
120
|
*Note: ‘Other’ here
refers to other activities than kick and punch
Table 9:
Statistic Analysis for Match 3 (Men’s Class C 60kg Semi-final) Vietnam vs Laos
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
(SD)
|
Inter
Class Correlation
|
Winner
|
4
|
15.00 (9.57)
|
0.820
|
Loser
|
4
|
11.50 (9.95)
|
0.820
|
Table 10: Frequency of actions
and outcomes recorded by Men’s Class C 60kg Quarter Final
·
Vietnam (Win) and Singapore (Lose)
Action
|
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Not
Available
|
Total
|
||||
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
Win
|
Lose
|
||
Block
|
1
|
1
|
|||||||
Block and Kick
|
1
|
1
|
|||||||
Block and Punch
|
|||||||||
Block and Sweep
|
|||||||||
Kick
|
1
|
8
|
15
|
2
|
4
|
30
|
|||
Fake Kick
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
||||||
Punch
|
1
|
6
|
2
|
9
|
|||||
Fake Punch
|
|||||||||
Self-Release
|
2
|
2
|
|||||||
Topple
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
7
|
||||
Sweep
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
7
|
||||
Catch
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
||||||
Evade/Dodge
|
2
|
2
|
|||||||
Others
|
20
|
20
|
40
|
||||||
Total
|
8
|
4
|
15
|
23
|
3
|
8
|
23
|
23
|
107
|
*Note:
Others – means low intensity activities.
Table 11: Frequency Profile of the
2 contestants
Exponent
|
Kick
|
Sweep
|
Other*
|
Total
|
Winner
|
11
|
6
|
32
|
49
|
Loser
|
19
|
1
|
38
|
58
|
Total
|
30
|
7
|
70
|
107
|
*Note: ‘Other’ here
refers to other activities than kick and punch
Table 12: Statistic Analysis for Match 4 (Men’s Class C 60kg
Quarter-final) Vietnam vs Singapore
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
(SD)
|
Inter
Class Correlation
|
Winner
|
4
|
11.50 (8.69)
|
0.850
|
Loser
|
4
|
15.50 (9.95)
|
0.850
|
DISCUSSION
Based on the result, Vietnam has won all matches and make more action
compare to the loser on total action profile.
From the result also, we can
conclude that the winning athlete had in top performance which is in attack and
during defending. The tactical used by Vietnamese silat’s athlete is more on
kicking and sweep because they are focusing on getting point even some of round
in the match they lose seldom of points. Moreover Vietnam’s athlete are using
wait and attack strategy as we can see hit target percentage is higher than the
miss opponent. Winning athlete was very focus and they have a good reaction. In
term of sweep technique, their maximal strength and power is very high because
they can make the opponent down or successful sweep. There also have well in
strategies plan before do some actions to opponent.
From the first match result Women
Class C 60kg between Vietnam and Indonesia in final match, Vietnam used more
topple technique than Indonesia. That is the one reason why Vietnam got more
point. In term of kicking technique, Vietnam almost trying to do hit target
kick but not really successful. It is same like Indonesia team, which is the
athlete try to get point from kicking but not hit target.
For second match result which is Men
Class A 50 kg between Vietnam and Indonesia in final match,
from the early match which is the first round, both exponent performing low
activity actions such as ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close each other using silat
step pattern. Both exponents very slow to make some movement towards each
other. As we can see from the video match, Vietnam playing aggressive in second
and third round. Vietnam do more attacking than the Indonesia in last
round. As we can see on the result, Indonesia’s athlete do very well in topple
technique which is 6 hit target than Vietnam 3 hit target. However, the
Indonesia’s athlete have lose focus on the last because of tiredness and many
attacking from Vietnam’s athlete. The
sweep technique make the Vietnam team become winner because the athlete have
been successful 3 hit target on that action for last round.
The third match result which is Men
Class C 60 kg between Vietnam and Laos in semi-final match. From my
observation, the Vietnam team are very good in sweep and topple technique
because as we can see on table 3, total action hit target of topple was 5 and
sweep 3. Even though the opponent gives an attacking but the Vietnam also good
in defensive. So because of that, the opponent has low opportunities to score
point for some action such as kicking.
The fourth match result which is Men
Class C 60 kg between Vietnam and Singapore in quarter-final match. Both of the
exponent performing low activity actions such as ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close
each other using silat step pattern on the early match but it become more
aggressive in round two and three. Besides, what makes Vietnam win this match,
he sweep hit target 3 times, kick hit target 1 time and topple hit target 1
time towards to opponent. There is a different between winner and loser because
the opponent lose for 3 round of match.
According to Aziz et al. (2002)
reported that compared with judo and taekwondo, silat athletes have better leg
power and is capable of performing in a short period with high intensity. To
taking down the opponent is not easy because the pesilat need to have a really
good skill of how to taking down the opponent. Based on the data recorded, the
winner’s performances are dominant to kicking skill. However, they need to
practice to strengthen their ability. The pesilat also need to improve their
skill related fitness because it is important to develop the skills that
contribute to scoring points in addition to developing the metabolic system
involved in the martial arts competition(M. N. M. Shapie, 2011).
CONCLUSION
According to the all table above, most of the actions that
used by the exponent is kicking while sweep is second most used. The kicking
always used by the both exponent with total 128 times and sweep with total 31
times. Both of the exponents were performed low intensity activity
in the beginning of game then it is become high intensity in next round.
Activity profile during silat match can be analysed by using the hand notation. This study will provide the feedback of the silat performances. The losing team was kicks more than the winning but the kicking target is not accurate to the target area. Although the winner used kicking technique less than the loser but the accuracy of the kicking is hit the target area. Other than that, the winner also very good in sweep and topple which gives high points to winning the match. The differences of techniques and accuracy of the kicking between both exponent was shown. This study might provide the information to coaches that can be employed the feedback on performances and knowledge appropriate to their training and tournament purposes.
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RECOMMENDATION
As we know, silat is one of the very
exciting sport in the aspect of the quick movement game and variety of tactical
and technical skill involved. As the silat athletes, actually they need to
prepare two things before they participate in any competition which is, good physical
and mentality especially in high level competition. Other than that, they also need
to improve and practice their skill in silat in term of hit target because the hit
target will help them to achieve a winning. Practice always until they can perform
perfect during the competition. Besides that, athlete also need to have a good
balance in strength because silat involved the upper and lower body limb
coordination. Then, cardiovascular endurance also important because this match
consist of three rounds. So, they must have a good fitness level to make sure they
can perform well from the beginning of match until the end.